What is PFAS?
Introduction
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a group of human-made chemicals that have been used in various industrial and consumer products since the 1940s. Known for their durability and resistance to heat, water, and oil, PFAS have become widespread in applications such as carpet and flooring, non-stick cookware, water-repellent clothing, firefighting foams, and food packaging. However, their persistence in the environment and potential health risks have raised significant concerns, leading to an increasing body of research and regulatory scrutiny.
Environmental Impacts
PFAS are often referred to as "forever chemicals" due to their extreme persistence in the environment. They do not break down easily and can accumulate over time in water, soil, and living organisms. PFAS contamination has been detected in water sources globally, affecting drinking water supplies and ecosystems.
Water Contamination: PFAS can seep into groundwater and surface water, leading to widespread contamination. In many regions, drinking water supplies have been found to contain PFAS levels exceeding recommended safety thresholds, necessitating costly remediation efforts. The chemicals have been found in rivers, lakes, and even in rainwater, making them a global environmental issue.
Soil and Wildlife: PFAS can also accumulate in soils, particularly near manufacturing sites or areas where firefighting foams have been used. This contamination can affect plant life and enter the food chain, impacting wildlife. Studies have shown PFAS accumulation in fish, birds, and other animals, which can lead to reproductive and developmental issues in these species.
US Regulatory Responses
In response to the growing evidence of the harmful effects of PFAS, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has taken steps to regulate PFAS under the Safe Drinking Water Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act.On March 13, 2024, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) proposed the first-ever national primary drinking water standards for six PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) compounds. Then, on April 10, 2024, the EPA announced the
final National Primary Drinking Water Regulation (NPDWR) for six PFAS, establishing legally enforceable Maximum Contaminant Levels (MCLs). For two of these chemicals the MCL was set at 4 parts per trillion while for the other four there is a limit of 1 part per trillion when these four are mixed together. This marked the first time the US government had regulated these chemicals.
